Confidence in healthcare knowledge is measured using 4 follow-up questions to items #1-4 from the health literacy measure. The following question is used to assess participants' confidence in their answer to the preceding healthcare knowledge question:

How confident are you that you answered that question correctly?

Participants are asked to respond using a 4-point rating scale (see table below). Confidence in healthcare knowledge ranges from 1 to 4 and is calculated by averaging the 4 individual confidence ratings, with a higher rating indicating greater confidence.

Response choices for each question:

Note: If more than half the ratings are missing, this variable is not calculated.