Fraud victimhood is self-reported (1 = Yes, 2 = No) using the following question:

In the past year, were you a victim of financial fraud or have you been told you were a victim of financial fraud?

Reference [not in Pubmed]: Gamble KJ, Boyle P, Yu L, Bennett D. The Causes and Consequences of Financial Fraud Among Older Americans. Boston College Center for Retirement Research WP. 2014;13.