This variable is available only MARS, AACore and LATC and participants self-identifying as Hispanic/Latino of MAP (sMAP). The Study Operations team determined the mPNES did not apply to the living situations of other MAP participants, most of whom live in large retirement communities.

The Health Opportunities subscale is a subscale of the mPNES (i.e., the modified Perceptions of Neighborhood Environments Scale) derived from a Principle Component Analysis of all mPNES items for all participants with at first valid mPNES. The subscale is assessed using 4 self-report questions about neighborhood options for healthy food and physical activities. Instructions for the mPNES defined a neighborhood as “the area within about a 20-min walk (or about a mile) from your house.” Participants are asked to respond to each question using a 5-point rating scale. Values are reverse coded as relevant (see table below) so that a higher score indicates higher neighborhood perceptions. The total score ranges from 4 to 20 and is the average sum of the individual items; at least 2 items must be available to calculate this variable.

Participants are asked the following questions:

1. A large selection of fresh fruits and vegetables is available in my neighborhood.
2. There are many opportunities to purchase fast foods in my neighborhood.
3. My neighborhood offers many opportunities to be physically active.
4. Local sports clubs and other facilities in my neighborhood offer many opportunities to get exercise.

Note: In previous research, this subscale metric has been shown to have adequate psychometric properties including a Cronbach's alpha of 0.74.